What are the observable characteristics of epithelialization?

Read the details of my question first before answering. can any one give me characteristics of these species..

• can anyone give me characteristics of order passireformes, salientia and chelonia? I also need characteristics for the following family: man, felidae, canidae, tudidae, testunidae and ranidae. can anyone also give me characteristics for the following genus. panthera, canis, turdus, gopherus and rana. lastly i need characteristics of the following species. Tigris, Leo, familiaris, sapiens, clamitans, migratorius, polyphemus and catesbeiana. you can send links on where i can find the characteristics of the said classifications please help me... this is our homework and i cant find the answers in text books. thanks

• Answer:

  The Tree of Life Project ( http://www.tolweb.org ) is probably your best bet for a single site that will give you the characters for all those groups, but it will still take a lot of navigation to find what you're looking for. I'll put in a few that I do know: Passeriformes, or the perching birds (the largest groups of birds, which includes the songbirds) - Their primary character is the possession of a foot with three toes pointed forward, and one toe pointed back, with unique musculature that allows for perching. There are also unique sperm morphology, distinctive morphology of the bony palate, and distinctive wing and leg musculature. Salientia is the frogs and toads - If I recall correctly, I think the main character is the lack of teeth in the dentary, as well as unique structure of the pelvis and pre-sacral vertebrae. Chelonia are the turtles, although most classifications use the name Testudines for the group - Their chief defining character is the turtle's shell: a carapace formed by fused costal bones and ribs, vertebrae and peripheral bones, and a plastron formed from clavicle, sternum and dermal bones. Their horny, toothless beak is also a major characterisitic. As to the families: Man is in the family Hominidae, the chief characteristic of which (depending on your classification system) is bipedalism. Felidae, the cats, is the retractile claws, short face, reduced dentition (loss or reduction of premolars and post-carnassial molars), and long canine tooth. Canidae, the dogs: I can't recall exactly. I believe the defining characters of the group have to do with the structure of the glenoid fossa - the joint where the jaw meets the skull. They also have fused wrists and front leg bones for running. Tudidae, I'm assuming should be Turdidae, the thrushes. Sorry, I don't know the defining characters. I'm not so good with birds. Testunidae I'm assuming should be Testudinidae, the tortoises. Tortoises are turtles adapted for a terrestrial lifestyle, with thick, elephantine legs, short, web-less feet and short digits. Their forelegs usually have heavy scales on the anterior surface. Ranidae is the true frogs. It's generally considered a waste-basket group, and probably paraphyletic. There are no unequivocal characters for the group, and anything that doesn't fit into another frog family is put into Ranidae by default. For the Genera: Panthera - Big cats, including lion, tiger, jaguar and leopard: Hyoid includes elastic ligament (not fully ossified, as in Felis), which allows the characteristic roaring. Canis - Big dogs, including wolf, coyote, jackals and dog ~7 species: Not sure what the defining characters are. Considering the morphological similarities between these and some of the foxes, I'm guessing most of the characters are genetic. Turdus - Robins ~65 species: Again, I have no idea what the defining characters are. Gopherus - Gopher tortoises ~4 species: One of their major characters is their habit of burrowing, but that's not an anatomical character. Not sure what their anatomical characters might be. Rana - True frogs ~50 species: Members of Rana have slim waists, and smooth skin, with long, slender hindlegs. The hind feet are typically webbed. The species you list are not actually species, just specific epithets. Without the Genus name they are not species names, nor are they usable in taxonomy. Panthera tigris is the tiger. Panthera leo is the lion. Canis familiaris is the dog. Homo sapiens is man. Turdus migratorius is the American robin, however Ectopistes migratorius was the passenger pigeon, Cricetulus migratorius is the grey hamster, and Coregonus migratorius is the Baikal powan, a type of Russian whitefish. Gopherus polyphemus is the gopher tortoise, however Limulus polyphemus is the horseshoe crab, and Anthera polyphemus is a type of huge moth. Rana clamitans is the green frog. Rana catesbeiana is the bullfrog.