From what nation did the Dutch provinces within the Union of Utrecht declare their Independence in 1581?

Why did only Checheno-Ingushetia & Tatarstan declare independence from Russia after the Soviet Union collapsed?

• In the 1940s, Stalin deported a lot of the peoples of the Caucasus: Kalmyks, Karachays, Balkars, etc. So why didn't all these other peoples air their grievances against Moscow after 1991 and declare independence from the Federation?

• Answer:

  Having just grievances is not enough to establish independence. You need many more prerequisites for that, such as a political history (real or imagined) of previous independence as a basis for a new independent national mythology, a strong ethnic self-identification, ethnically and culturally homogeneous population, nationally orientated educated class, national leaders who are able to express ethnic interests in adequate political actions, and what Lev Gumilev, a Russian historian and ethnographer, called "passionarity", that is, roughly speaking, a readiness to die for your ideals. http://1000petals.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/another-great-russian-lev-gumilev-and-his-passionarity-concept/ Any movement for an independence might succeed only as an ultimate interaction of a whole range of national, cultural, social, economic and geographic factors. It's not that easy. .