Can someone tell me about cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis & cellular respiration, please help :-)?

• Yes can you answer the following questions?? I need to study them for a test :] *The prosses of photosynthesis & cllular resperation. *The overall equation for photosynthesis *overall equation of cell respiration. *Can you discuss the events of the light and dark reactions for photosynthesis??( I need to know this.) *And can you also tell me the events of aerobic & anaerobic respiration?? I know it's alot, But i'll really apprciate it if you can help me out:]

• Answer:

  Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. The raw materials are carbon dioxide and water; the energy source is sunlight; and the end-products are oxygen and (energy rich) carbohydrates, The word comes from the Greek photo-, "light," and synthesis, "putting together." A commonly used but slightly simplified equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2(g) + 12 H2O(l) + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g) + 6 H2O(l) carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + water The equation is often presented in introductory chemistry texts in an even more simplified form as:[2] 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g) Cellular respiration describes the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell or across the cell membrane to get biochemical energy from fuel molecules and the release of the cells' waste products. Energy can be released by the oxidation of multiple fuel molecules and is stored as "high-energy" carriers. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions in metabolism. The movement of a pair of electrons down the electron transport chain produces enough energy to form 3 ATP molecles from ADP. Organisms that use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in respiration are described as aerobic, while those that do not are referred to as anaerobic The energy released in respiration is used to synthesize molecules that act as a chemical storage of this energy. One of the most widely used compounds in a cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its stored chemical energy can be used for many processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes. Because of its ubiquitous nature, ATP is also known as the "universal energy currency", since the amount of it in a cell indicates how much energy is available for energy-consuming processes. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP). It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. Simplified Reaction: C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) ΔHc -2880 kJ Without oxygen, pyruvate is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the hydrogen carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate phosphorylation, which is phosphorylation that does not involve oxygen. In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, also somewhat misleadingly called the dark reactions (they don't require darkness, but they require the products of the light reactions), are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. It occurs in the stroma, the fluid filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes. These reactions, unlike the light-dependent reactions, do not need light to occur; hence the term dark reactions. These reactions take the products of the light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin Cycle: Carbon Fixation, Reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) regeneration The initial stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into potential energy. The light dependent reaction produces oxygen gas and converts ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. The chlorophyll's electron can follow either of two different pathways, cyclic or non-cyclic. It is important to note that both photosystems are almost simultaneously excited; thus, both photosystems begin functioning at almost the same time. The excited electron is passed along until it reaches P680 chlorophyll. The excited electron is passed to the primary electron acceptor. Photolysis in the thylakoid takes the electrons from water and replaces the P680 electrons that were passed to the primary electron acceptor. (O2 is released into the air as a waste product) The electrons are passed to photosystem I via the electron transport chain (ETC) and in the process used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. The stored energy in the proton gradient is used to produce ATP which is used later in the Calvin-Benson Cycle. P700 chlorophyll then uses light to excite the electron to its second primary acceptor. The electron is sent down another ETC and used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The NADPH is then used later in the Calvin-Benson Cycle to remove PGA that is produced from RuBisCO reaction and releases enzyme for continuation of steady state reaction