Which French novelist played in goal for Algeria?

What happened to Algeria following its independence?

• I am doing a research project about Algeria, where I have to find some information about the things that happened in Algeria after its independence. I am looking for data on the first decade of Algeria's independence which contain its successes, failures, and challenges faced by Algeria. Also any reasons/factors which played a role in the successes /failures and challenges should be stated. Please give me a real answer.

• Answer:

  The war for independence began as a rural uprising in the Aures Mountains (part of the Atlas range) southeast of Algiers in 1954. Shortly thereafter, a separate urban uprising began in Algiers. The revolts remained separate until August 20, 1856 when leaders met secretly near the Soummam River to form the Comittee National pour la Révolution Algeriènne. Question: Why do you think the French made a special effort to quash the Algerian rebellion? COMMENT Since Algeria was an enormous territory and the French could not identify the revolutionaries among the local popilation, they tried to seal off the country in order to prevent the rebels from receiving weapons from Tunisia and Morocco, both of which became independent in 1956. The French army created a fortified "Morice Line" along each border and established martial law in Algiers. The main consequence of these tactics was to create a division within the rebel movement between the fighters within Algeria, the ALN or Armée de la Libèration Nationale, and the external representatives of the FLN (Front pour la Libèration Nationale) who maintained an office in Tunisia and established political alliances with other countries like Egypt. Question: In a struggle of this type, which faction, interior or exterior, would suffer the most casualties? Which would have the most power to influence the outcome? COMMENT The French tactics ended the revolt by 1958, but they earned international condemnation for the use of torture and other viol,ent acts, like the reprisal bombing of the village of Sakhiet in February 1958. Fear of international opinion plus pressure from oil companies convinced the French government to agree to peace negotiations. But there was still powerful support within France fo retaining Algeria, and in particular, officers of the French army accused the civilian government (the Fourth Republic, founded in 1946) of abandoning Algeria. French settlers also accused the civilian government of weakness, while domestic and world critics condemn the government efforts as too repressive. As France public opinion became polarized, the government became paralyzed. Meanwhile, the Algerian rebels focused their attacks on moderate Algerians who offered to negotiate with the French. Eventually, there were no moderates left in either France or Algeria. In April 1958, soldiers of the ALN executed three French prisoners in retaliation for the French execution of three Algerians. The resulting outcry in France led members of the National Assembly to pass a vote of "no confidence" in the government. When party leaders could not agree on a new majority coalition to choose a new prime minister and cabinet, members of the National Assembly invited General Charles De Gaulle -- the hero of the French resistance during World War II -- to come out of retirement and form a new government. He agreed, but only after receiving a promise of a new constitution which increased the power of the French president. The new constitution became the basis for the Fifth Republic, formed in May 1958. De Gaulle's role in subsequent events was very controversial and many people felt misled. De Gaulle's prestige as both a WWII hero and the leader of the first post-war government meant that no one questioned him too closely before he took over. Most French citizens were simply relieved that the country did not split apart. Conservatives, including the settlers in Algeria, felt sure that an old soldier like De Gaulle would never yield control over Algerian territory. The new constitution had to be ratified by a vote in each of the colonies, but since Algeria was considered a part of France, its votes were counted as part of those cast in France. The French supported the new constitution by a large margin, so dissenting votes cast by Algerians had no effect. [NOTE: One French colony did say no -- French Guinea -- setting the stage for all of the other African colonies to become independent within two years.] Question: In what ways did Guinea's "no" vote strengthen the supporters of independence in other colonies? COMMENT Once the constitution was approved, De Gaulle acted. He purged the army of disloyal commanders in fall 1958 and offered a peace plan to the Algerians based on 1956 legislation (the loi-cadre) which provided for the creation of local governments within the French Empire. The FLN refused to accept the peace plan, and instead formed a provisional government-in-exile in Cairo (September 1958). They also launched a terror campaign in France and against Muslim moderates in Algeria.