How can we manufacture detergent powder?

detergent manufacture & food manufacture

• 1.detergent manufacture by explaining the general structure of the detergent molecule & its solubility properties. Give the preparation of two types of detergents. 2. an exaample of the used of fats & oils in the food industry -but not milk or margarine. Explain why the fat or oil is used in this industry.

• Answer:

  Hello - 1) Detergents are long-chain molecules comprised of two types of groups - at one end is the long carbon chain - this section is non-polar and allows the detergent to mix with non-polar substances like fats and oils. The other end of the detergent molecule is composed of a polar head group - this polar segment allows this end of the detergent to mix with polar solvents like water. This combination of properties is referred to as "amphipathic" and allows detergents to help emulsify fats and oils into a water solution, allowing water, which normally would not dissolve fats and oils, to clean non-polar substances. A simple description of the structure of detergents: http://www.citycollegiate.com/industry2.htm Detergents are generally sodium salts (can also be magnesium or calcium salts) that are formed from long-chain alcohols and polarized head groups such as sulfate, phosphate, benzonate, etc. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS - also called sodium lauryl sulfate), a very common detergent found in everything from toothpaste to shampoo, is synthesized from dodecanol (a 12 carbon alcohol and sulfuric acid): http://www.ces.clemson.edu/ecl/labs/general/lab10.html Another site describing soaps and detergents with a similar synthesis of SDS: http://www.ces.clemson.edu/ecl/labs/general/labs.pdf A synthesis of sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate: http://www.wissensdrang.com/auf1det.htm Three homemade detergent recipes: http://www.thefrugalshopper.com/articles/detergent.html As a general overview, the following two pages provide a simple explanation for soaps and detergents: http://www.cleaning101.com/sdalatest/html/soapchemistry1.htm http://www.cleaning101.com/sdalatest/html/soapchemistry2.htm 2) Fats and oils are used for lots of other things in the food industry. As cooking oils, components of dressings and sauces (both for flavor and to emulsify the other flavor oils from foods): http://missvickie.com/howto/spices/oils.html http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4668 It is used to fry things (as a heat exchanger - hotter than water before it boils away): http://www.fsai.ie/industry/guidance_frying_oils.htm Please let me know if you have further questions. synarchy Search strategy: detergent chemistry "detergent synthesis" "synthesis of detergent" "synthesis of detergents" fats oils cooking fats oils "food industry"