In a hydrogen molecule, the two electrons are in the bonding orbital. Most of the time they are in the middle of the protons. But what causes a hydrogen molecule to have vibration states?
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Answer:
Think of a diatomic molecule like H2 as a dumbbell shaped object with two masses connected by a spring. The dumbbell can rotate about an axis that is orthogonal to the line connecting the two molecules. And the molecules can also vibrate along the line connecting the two molecules. The rotational states give rise to radio-frequency emissions and the vibrational states give rise to infrared emissions.
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