If humans still exist 10,000 years from now, what will be the most important events of the last 5,000 years to the people of the future?

The most significant event of the last 5000 years was the publication of Newton's Principia Mathmatica. No work of science has drawn more attention from philosophers than Newton's Principia. The reasons for this, however, and consequently the focus of the attention have changed significantly from one century to the next.  Much of what we know of the Cosmos and our world is a direct result of this book.

The pyramids and many other Egyptian monuments will still be around and Mt. Rushmore as well. So even if all of civilization forgets about the United States or Egypt these will still be objects of wonder.  I'm not saying that other things are more or less important then these but these will almost surely last that amount of time.

We have to hope that they don't bitterly remember the actions of those who fought doggedly against effective response to global climate change. Of course, if there is someone to remember, maybe that means it wasn't so bad after all ...

No individual events in the last 5000 years will matter 10K years from now.  Some long term developments will.  These include the development of science as a method, and communications technology beyond word of mouth.

Here's my list of the events or discoveries that I think we will continue to teach our children for the next 10,000 years: * The development of the Copernican heliocentric model. Copernicus, who originally proposed it, and Galileo, who further developed and supported it, are regarded as the fathers of modern astronomy. No matter what further developments we make in astronomy and astrophysics, the origin is always important. * The harnessing of electricity. Many cultures claim its discovery, dating back into prehistory with experiences of lightning and various species of "electric" fish, eels and rays, but Western culture recognizes several influential figures beginning in the 1600s who advanced human understanding of electricity, and paved the way for its common use today. Many of them have units of measure named after them. For the sake of brevity I won't list them here, but the history of the development of electromagnetic theory, and its ties into quantum field theory, is another of the fundamental discoveries of the human race that have enabled virtually all modern technology and will continue to do so for the remainder of human history. * General and special relativity. Einstein's most famous equation, E=mc^2, is based on more fundamental principles; (1) that space and time cannot be defined independently from each other, but instead form a 4-dimensional continuum of "space-time", and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant. * World War I and II. 5,000 years from now, the politics, conflicts and atrocities of the years between 1910 and 1950 should, IMO, be continued to be held up as a lesson to future generations.

The invention of writing which happened at the beginning of your time range, 5000 years ago. This allowed the spread of civilisation and the accelerating progression of technological change, hope that didn't sound like jargon.

The last 5000 years have had various events, very few of which are likely to have a profound effect on the future other than having shaped history. Some major events that may influence the future, may be: 1. The invention of Religion. Hopefully by the next 10,000 years, humanity realises the fictional basis of Religion. 2. The Internet. 3. Invention of Nuclear weapons.

I think the most memorable moment will be the invention of the written word.... Because without it we would not be able to pass on memories of any other so-called significant event that you have just read in the other answers....

That it seems there was a terrible war fought around the beginning of our current 21st century. That war seems to have involved weapons which released nuclear radiation, terrible chemical agents and a horrible array of diseases. These led to the collapse of civilization, and the destruction of 90% of human life. Now that the new humanity has discovered these facts can they avoid a recurrence?