Taiwanese Visa for Indian Passport from Shanghai, China?

You can't get visa to Taiwan in Shanghai or any part of mainland PRC. 1. As an Indian passport holder, if you have a valid visa from US, Canada, or Schengen agreement countries; or if you have permanent resident status from US, you can visit Taiwan for 30 days without needing to get Taiwan's visa. This is a part of the visa exempt program. If you use this approach, you can't work in Taiwan. 2. If you need to apply for Taiwan's visa, you can't do it in Shanghai because there is no Taiwan consulate office that issues visa there. The best way for you is to fly to Hong Kong to get visa to Taiwan. -=- The nationals of India, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia, who also possess a valid visa or permanent resident certificate issued by U.S.A., Canada, Japan, U.K., Schengen Convention countries, Australia or New Zealand, are eligible for the visa exemption program, which permits a duration of stay up to 30 days. Those who meet the above qualification and have never been employed in Taiwan as blue-collar workers have to apply to the "Advance Online Registration System for the Visitors of Nationals from Five Southeast Asian Countries to Taiwan" of the R.O.C. National Immigration Agency (website: https://oa1.immigration.gov.tw/nia_southeast) for an "Authorization Certificate" before coming to Taiwan. After completion, the printed-out Certificate can be used by the foreign visitor for boarding the airplane and the immigration inspection. During the immigration inspection, foreign visitors who can not show a valid visa or permanent resident certificate issued by one of the aforementioned countries will not be admitted into the R.O.C. (In case a single-entry visa issued by any of the said countries has already been used, it is invalid.)

You will probably have to return to India for that ... unless you are a permanent resident of Shangha

Call the consulate to arrange an appointment for a visa interview.