How much time does it take for a rocket to leave the earth's atmosphere and enter the space?

5 or 10 minutes. Not long at all. You only need to go up about 50 to 100 miles to reach space. The boundary is fuzzy; there is no exact altitude where the air ends and the vacuum of space starts, the air just gets thinner and thinner as you go up. The unofficial boundary of space is 100 kilometers, which is about 62 miles. All rockets are in space long before they get up to orbital speed. They go pretty fast, so they cover that 62 mile distance quickly.

Yes, it depends on the acceleration of the craft to reach the speed necessary to break out of the atmosphere.

Depends on velocity and location launch,the equator is best to launch from.

Most of them are 9 minutes.The Saturn V took 17 minutes.

Based on the saturn V rockets used in the apollo missions, about 17 minutes, based on classified NASA data.

Philosophically, there must be a time when it is in the atmosphere, and a time when not. If you take the latest possible time for it to be in the atmosphere, and the earliest possible time for it to be not, the difference between the two is infinitely small.