What variables and hypotheses are associated with REALISM? (international relations?

PLEASE HELP! :( Identifying the Dependant & Independant variables.?

• Please help, in this summary of an experiment I don't know what the Dependant and Independant variables are.. The summary is a scientific experiment on how humans learn & their memory. (DEPENDANT AND INDEPENDANT VARIABLES????) Subjects were induced to process words to different depths by answering various questions about the words. For example, shallow encodings were achieved by asking questions about type-script; intermediate levels of encoding were accomplished by asking questions about rhymes; deep levels were induced by asking whether the word would fit into a given category or sentence frame. After the encoding phase was completed, subjects were unexpectedly given a recall or recognition test for the words. In general, deeper encodings took longer to accomplish and were associated with higher levels of performance on the subsequent memory test. Also, questions leading to positive responses were associated with higher retention levels than questions leading to negative responses, at least at deeper levels of encoding. Further experiments examined this pattern of effects in greater analytic detail. It was established that the original results did not simply reflect differential encoding times; an experiment was designed in which a complex but shallow task took longer to carry out but yielded lower levels of recognition than an easy, deeper task. Other studies explored reasons for the superior retention of words associated with positive responses on the initial task. Negative responses were remembered as well as positive responses when the questions led to an equally elaborate encoding in the two cases. The idea that elaboration or "spread" of encoding provides a better description of the results was given a further boost by the finding of the typical pattern of results under intentional learning conditions, and where each word was exposed for 6 sec in the initial phase. *would the independant variable be the words and level of word difficulty given to the subjects? *the dependant variable... uhh? the... experiement?! I DONT KNOW!!

• Answer:

  Independent Variables are changes that occur in an experiment that are directly caused by the experimenter (you.) Dependent Variables are changes that occur due to independent variables. So the independent Variable would be the words/questions... The Dependent Variable is what depends on the independent variable, so this would most likely be the answers or the encoding levels?